This report examines the role of cultural keystone species (CKS) in protecting both biological and cultural diversity. Based on a review of literature (from 2000–2021) and interviews with Indigenous Guardians, it shows that CKS are not just species to be conserved, but part of deep cultural and ecological relationships tied to language, knowledge, and land. The report calls for more policies and programs that support Indigenous Peoples in managing and restoring these vital connections.