This case study looks at how Indigenous communities in Treaty 9 are taking action on climate change by working to protect the Hudson–James Bay Lowlands from mining in the Ring of Fire. It explains the background, including why companies want to mine there, why the region matters for the environment, and what the legal situation is.

The case study then shows how Treaty 9 Nations are standing up for their lands and rights, both in their communities and through policy and legal work. The study ends with recommendations, including officially recognizing Indigenous Protected Areas and respecting the right to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), and reflects on why these grassroots efforts are so important.