This report on five Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) in Australia, and their associated ranger programmes (which are similar to Guardians) found that Indigenous conservation was successful in a broad range of outcomes, including improving the disadvantages Indigenous people face in a colonial country. Specifically, the report found that the Australian Indigenous conservation programs are engaging Indigenous Australians in meaningful employment to achieve large-scale conservation outcomes, facilitating reconnection with country, culture and language, and helping to catalyse the development of an Indigenous land and sea based economy, empowering Indigenous land owners to manage their land in accordance with their priorities. It includes several detailed case studies and an analysis of the dollar value of the socioeconomic and cultural benefits associated with Indigenous conservation.