This book makes the case for a paradigm shift in conservation from exclusionary, uninhabited national parks and wilderness areas to new kinds of protected areas that recognize Indigenous peoples’ conservation contributions and rights. It documents the beginnings of such a paradigm shift and issues a call for transforming conservation in ways that could enhance the effectiveness of protected areas and benefit Indigenous peoples in and near tens of thousands of protected areas worldwide. Eleven geographers and anthropologists contribute nine substantive fieldwork-based. Their contributions offer insights into experience with new conservation approaches in an array of countries. Key sections include Chapter 5: National Parks in the Canadian North: Co-management or Colonialism Revisited? (pg. 133-150).