This is the foundational report of the Indigenous Circle of Experts for the Pathway to Canada Target 1. The result of numerous gatherings, workshops, and consultations with Indigenous Peoples across Canada, the report defines and articulates Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) in the Canadian context, including opportunities, challenges, and benefits of IPCAs for Indigenous Peoples and all Canadians. The report concludes with 28 recommendations to facilitate and support the establishment of IPCAs across Canada.